The Nielsen Company Problems and Challenges in Saudi Arabian Market

Official Summary This investigation gives an examination of Nielsen Company as for issues the organization faces in the market. The examination starts by introducing a short diagram of the organization. The audit has shown that the organization has been in the market over an extensive stretch, an angle that has essentially helped it in making serious advantage.Advertising We will compose a custom exploration paper test on The Nielsen Company: Problems and Challenges in Saudi Arabian Market explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The examination at that point gives an away from of the issue; which is undesirable rivalry, which has adversely influenced Nielsen in its push to amplify its benefits. Undesirable rivalry has additionally prompted an overwhelming fall in costs. This has prompted the requirement for assessment of the current writing and afterward the potential answers for this issue. At long last, a few suggestions have been proposed. Organization foundation: O verview Nielsen Company is one of the best organizations on the planet. Having been built up in 1923 by Arthur Nielsen, as of now, the association has expanded its activities over the world. Nielsen was one of the authors of the cutting edge promoting research industry. Furthermore, Nielson assumed a critical job in promoting research, through creation a few advancements in a large portion of the buyer centered advertising media research. Nielsen is likewise liable for formation of special strategies for estimations that furnished customers with powerful and target data about the effects of advertising and deals programs on individual returns and benefits (Nielson Par 3). Nielson invested energy in explanation of the idea of piece of the overall industry and its significance in deciding corporate execution. In current business world, the market is portrayed by an extremely elevated level of rivalry among the contenders. This is all the more so for the worldwide market where buyers a re interconnected with expanded access to volumes of advanced data. Nielson Company utilizes an entangled arrangement of information assortment philosophies and estimations trying to use new and customary information data into purchaser insight. Through its administrations, the organization has helped different associations in the board of their individual brands, propelling and encouraging the development of new items in the market, just as upgrading on the essential media blend. Therefore, the organization has helped various organizations around the globe in building up an important client relationship comprehensively. Nielsen opened its first worldwide office in the United Kingdom in 1939, not long after the starting World War II. Afterward, the organization proceeded with extension of its administrations to different regions on the planet. For example, it stretched out its tasks to Australia, Japan, and Western Europe.Advertising Looking for research paper on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In these phases of early turn of events, the organization utilized the blending framework so as to receive quick in its new market. For example, the organization expanded its quality in Asia Pacific by accomplishing authority over the Survey Research Group. The organization likewise procured AMER World Research Group in the Middle East and Africa in late 1990s, which prompted extension of the organization in these areas. In the year 2001, Nielson made an extraordinary accomplishment when it turned into a piece of VNU. Nielson offers excellent market data accumulated from different spots from a wide scope of spots gathered in the most effective manner. It additionally offers propelled the board instruments, just as advanced investigative frameworks. Moreover, the organization gives individual plausible systems in exertion to help their customers in recognizable proof of the best ways of development. The organization is likewise dedicated in giving the best administrations in an expert path to its customers with an end goal to expand their fulfillment by helping them meet their objectives. Much of the time, Nielson Company works intimately with its customers in estimating their market execution so as to have the option to make fitting strides. The organization additionally helps associations in examining their market elements. This is another significant assistance that Nielsen Company offers to its customers, which is of extraordinary noteworthiness as it helps an association in settling on basic choices. Another help offered by the organization is diagnosing and taking care of promoting and deals issues. This administration has pulled in a critical number of the customers as each organization endeavors to boost its deals. At long last, the organization helps their customers in catching new chances, which is the primary factor that decides the company’s a chievement. For this situation, the organization assumes an essential job to numerous associations in helping them to decide right arrangement of data. Nielson Company has been driving in estimation and data in the statistical surveying for a long time. This data has been critical to numerous associations in their endeavor to comprehend their customers. The organization has given development the first position in quite a while activities. This has essentially helped the associations in keeping up pace with the developing business sector patterns. Subsequent to having been in the market for a long time, the organization has figured out how to think of essential data in distinguishing of what customers watch and purchase by growing clear bits of knowledge on buyer conduct. These top characteristics have essentially added to the notoriety of the association everywhere throughout the world. Issue Statement In the cutting edge business world, the market has gotten profoundly serious. Thi s has been portrayed by expanded pace of passageway of new players in the market with a practically consistent degree of clients. The market has additionally gotten complex with the globalization process.Advertising We will compose a custom exploration paper test on The Nielsen Company: Problems and Challenges in Saudi Arabian Market explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In request to get by in such a business world, each organization needs to utilize vital measures so as to hold its near preferred position. This is one of the serious issues confronting Nielsen Company in its endeavors to augment its benefits. The organization is occupied with showcase activities that are portrayed by an elevated level of rivalry. This unfortunate rivalry has prompted value wars, which have contrarily influenced the company’s execution. It has prompted a considerable decrease in the degree of the company’s returns. For example, benefits have tumbled to practically unre asonable levels because of rivalry among the opponent organizations. Each organization attempts to under value its rivals so as to win clients, and all the while, the costs fall far underneath the ideal levels. Given these economic situations, the significant test is winning and holding clients into an association. This turns out to be basic. This is one of the serious issues confronting the Nielson Company. In spite of its great execution over the past, the organization has been looked by various issues, compromising the general execution of the association in both the short and the since a long time ago run. Writing Review Through the procedure of globalization, the contemporary market has gotten extremely complex. The market has been portrayed by an elevated level of rivalry, which has adversely influenced the associations in question. The fundamental effect of this opposition to these associations is value wars. In this examination, value war is viewed as the market circumstance where the fundamental contenders focus at decreasing their competitors’ pieces of the overall industry by dynamically lessening their costs. As indicated by Bungert, value wars ought to be ended before arriving at destroying levels (2). This is on the grounds that industriousness of such a circumstance will prompt a total fall of a portion of these. This can be accomplished through contacts between the contenders. Be that as it may, this turns out to be too confounded particularly when there are numerous players in the market. Another test is that numerous organizations will be hesitant to give their data about their systems. This infers in dissecting such an issue, data on such sort of information may be assessed. In this way, finding the answer for these issues will be confounded. Over the past, Nielsen has experienced extraordinary rivalry in its market organize, a circumstance that has undermined its presentation in the market. For example, exceptional rivalry has much o f the time prompted delayed estimating wars between the organization and other statistical surveying rivals like Information Resources, Inc. (IRI) (Nielson Par 5). A genuine model is the market scanner data segment, which had a critical negative effect on Nielsen Company in 1990s. This influenced the company’s execution in both the short run and long run.Advertising Searching for research paper on business financial matters? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More As effectively noted, one of the fundamental issue of unfortunate rivalry is the evaluating wars. At the point when numerous players goes into the market while the quantity of shoppers stays consistent, this prompts an elevated level of rivalry as every player attempt to win more clients in the market (Bungert 2). The main trademark for this situation turns into the cost. For this situation, each organization will focus on out-valuing its rivals. Thus, this prompts fall in costs up to impractical levels and undermines the exhibition of Nielsen’s organization. Because of fall in costs, the company’s all out returns will naturally fall. Then, the organization will be compelled to build its costs on advancement so as to hold or win more clients in progressively serious market. This will expand general costs or operational expenses. Then again, the all out revenu

Causes of the Afghan Civil War

Reasons for the Afghan Civil War Mohammad Haseeb Daudzai Who devastated Kabul? The Afghan Civil War which began in 1989 and finished in 1992 was one of the bloodiest and most damaging wars in Afghan history. This war had two stages. The primary stage was battled between the Afghan government and the Mujahedeen, and the subsequent stage was battled between various gatherings of the Mujahedeen. The Afghan Civil War which brought about in excess of 100,000 passings and the annihilation of Kabul was brought about by different factors some of which were: Afghan individuals, Afghanistan’s economy, Afghan government officials and remote association. As a matter of first importance, Afghanistan is a multicultural nation with in excess of ten ethnic gatherings and in excess of thirty dialects. Afghans have a few contrasts in their way of life, as well. Most of Afghans follow both of the two schools of fiqh (schools of Islamic law) in particular Jafari and Hanafi. The education rate is additionally low in Afghanistan. These social contrasts, strict issues and low proficiency rate make prejudice a typical wonder among the individuals and it’s simple for anybody to incite a war in Afghanistan. In 1992, racists from various ethnic gatherings began welcoming their ethnic gatherings to battle against other ethnic gatherings, so they could pick up power in Afghanistan. The economy of Afghanistan was frail in 1989 when the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was leaving Afghanistan. Joblessness arrived at its pinnacle. In spite of the fact that Dr. Najibullah arranged various systems for making a steady economy in Afghanistan, but since gas wells were heavily influenced by the Mujahedeen, the legislature was totally subject to the USSR help, subsequently the greater part of those techniques fizzled. Because of joblessness, individuals began keeping in certain parts from Kabul, so they began challenging the legislature in Kabul. These fights gave the Mujahedeen a decent reason for assaulting Kabul which denoted the primary period of the Afghan Civil War. Back in 1980s when the USSR had full control of Afghanistan, eight gatherings were framed contrary to the People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) which was legitimately bolstered and affected by the Soviet Union. All these eight gatherings called themselves Mujahedeen (Holy warriors). These gatherings battled against the USSR for a long time. Following nine years of battling in Afghanistan, the USSR lost the war to the Mujahedeen and had to pull back their powers from Afghanistan. In 1989, preceding leaving Afghanistan, the USSR chose Dr. Najibullah to be the leader of Afghanistan after they left. Dr. Najibullah was an individual from the PDPA, subsequently his administration was not satisfactory to the Mujahedeen and they kept on battling, which incited a common war between Afghan armed force and the Afghan Mujahedeen. In excess of 20,000 Afghans were murdered in this first period of the Afghan Civil War. In 1992 Dr. Najibullah left his position. Afghan warlords knew Dr. Najib would at long last leave and all of them needed to have his spot so they composed a social occasion in Peshawar, Pakistan. This social occasion brought about framing another administration and a bureau which should take power after Dr. Najibullah surrendered. Also, Ahmad Shah Masood framed a managing chamber known as Shura e Nazar, which was made out of 120 military officers from various pieces of northern Afghanistan, to administer the exercises of the up and coming government. In 1992, the new government dealt with Kabul and significant pieces of Afghanistan. Sibghatullah Mujadeedi was delegated as the new leader of Afghanistan, however because of his poor authority aptitudes he was before long supplanted by Burhanuddin Rabbani. Rabbani was an individual from Shura e Nazar and aside from Tajik warlords nobody needed him to be the President of Afghanistan. Following a month, the second and bloodiest period of the Afghan Civil War started. In excess of 50,000 regular citiz ens were executed distinctly in Kabul and it was partitioned into various parts, each part constrained by an alternate gathering. For instance Kart e Parwan area was constrained by Ahmad Shah Masood’s powers and just Tajik individuals lived there, Taimani locale was constrained by Abdul Ali Mazari’s powers and just Hazara individuals lived there and in the event that anybody from Kart e Parwan challenged to go to Taimani or the other way around, the contrary party would slaughter him. Following two months of Rabbani’s government the Mujahedeen began terminating rockets over the boulevards of Kabul as result nobody was sheltered anyplace in Kabul. Then Gulbudin Hekmatyar, who was bolstered by Pakistan and Saudi Arabia, needed to be the leader of Afghanistan, subsequently he began battling the administration and Abdul Ali Mazari went along with him. The Civil War in Afghanistan was a piece of the Cold War. As indicated by George Crile, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) propelled Operation Cyclone to finance the Mujahedeen against the USSR. In 1980 the measure of these assets came to $30 million every year and in 1987 this sum rose to $630 million every year. The CIA additionally gave weapons including Type-56 rifles and FIM-92 stingers to the Mujahedeen. The main stinger which end up being an exceptionally successful weapon, was propelled in 1986 close to Jalalabad by the Mujahedeen, henceforth 500 extra stingers were given to the Mujahedeen by the CIA. Pakistan likewise began supporting the Mujahedeen which brought about the USSR giving extra AK 47s to the Afghan armed force. The USSR likewise gave in excess of 2500 SCUD rockets to the Afghan government. Dr. Najibullah utilized the SCUDs against Pakistan and gave the AK 47s to the Afghan armed force. Several rockets were shot on the fringe among Afghanistan and Pakistan as a reaction to Pakistan’s backing of the Mujahedeen and the US weapons supplies to the Mujahedeen that came through Pakistan. In 1992, Dr. Najibullah surrendered. Dr. Najib’s acquiescence denoted the finish of the primary period of the Afghan Civil War. Pakistan kept supporting Gulbudin Hekmatyar against the Afghan government and requested that he continue battling against the legislature till he increased full force in Kabul and supplanted Rabbani. Saudi Arabia additionally began supporting Hekmatyar. The second period of the War started after Hekmatyar began shelling Kabul. Relations between Shura e Nazar and General Abdul Rasheed Dostom who presently had the full help of Uzbekistan, had soured and Dostom needed to leave Kabul. In the wake of leaving Kabul, Dostom began shelling Kabul from the doors of Kabul. In excess of 50,000 non military personnel were slaughtered in Kabul in dazzle shelling (1) (additionally called rockety koor ([blind rockets]). To close, during these two periods of the Afghan common war, which kept going from 1989 to 1992, in excess of 100,000 Afghans were executed, a large number of Kabul residents were harmed and lost their homes and nothing was found in Kabul with the exception of assaulted structures and indications of various weapons utilized during the war. The Afghan Civil war was brought about by four central point, the Afghan individuals, Afghan economy, Afghan government officials and remote forces.

If Only Writers Put the Word Only in the Right Place

If Only Writers Put the Word Only in the Right Place Read the following two sentences quickly. They mean the same thing, right? Now go back down and read them again, more carefully this time.Susan only submitted the manuscript of her novel to three literary agencies.Susan submitted the manuscript of her novel to only three literary agencies.Ever hear of a misplaced modifier? The term encompasses many possible grammatical errors, but essentially, a misplaced modifier is a descriptive word or phrase that is not placed next to the noun or other word it modifies, thereby creating either awkwardness in reading or incorrect syntax, or both. In this article, Im going to briefly tell you about one of the most common examples, one that is a pet peeve of mine and of copy editors everywhere: the use and misuse of the simple word only.This is one of those grammar rules that most people (including yours truly) very often dont follow in speech or in informal writing. In speech, the incorrect usage is probably even more common than the correct usage: ask yourself if, when speaking, you would be more likely to say the first sentence or the second sentence above. The first, right? Be honest, now. For this reason, it is an error that needs editing in every single manuscript that comes across my desk, even those by the most experienced and published authors. Too picky, you might sayâ€"but remember: formal, professional writing isnt the same as speech, and a construction that might not sound awkward in speech or look awkward in an e-mail isnt necessarily the most effective way to frame a sentence in fiction (or in any other formal writing). Being picky sometimes means being a professional.The sentences above, if you read them out loud, might have the same meaning to your ear. But a closer look on the page reveals that their meanings are vastly different. The most important thing to keep in mind when writingâ€"after, you know, stuff such as spelling words correctly and creating an effective plot and charactersâ€"is to never confuse y our readers. This doesnt mean you should never intentionally mislead the reader of your mystery novel into thinking the wrong person did it, or leave ambiguous the ending of your thriller in order to leave room for a sequel. It means that the meaning you are trying to convey within each word, each sentence, is never in question when you dont intend it to be. If it is, readers become distracted from the world of your book (or story, or essay), and youve lost their attention.The first sentence in my example, Susan only submitted the manuscript of her novel to three literary agencies, does not convey the authors intended meaning. Why? Because only precedes the word submitted, which is not the word it is meant to modify. As written, the sentence tells us that Susan did nothing but submit her manuscript to three literary agencies. She didnt submit it to publishers. She didnt enter it into writing contests. She didnt have it bound and engraved. (Dont do that, by the way, if youre planning to send your own manuscript to anyone.) In fact, if were reading the sentence very strictly, she didnt do anything else at all but submit. She didnt even get out of bed and brush her teeth that morning. She only submitted.Now look at the second sentence, Susan submitted the manuscript of her novel to only three literary agencies. Aha! Do you get the difference? Susan submitted to only three literary agencies. This construction leaves no room for doubt. She didnt submit to any fewer or any more agencies than three. Period. This construction is not only clearer, but it also emphasizes more strongly the sentences significance to whatever story its a part of: namely, that Susan didnt submit her manuscript to very many agencies. This simple rearrangement of words eliminates ambiguity and improves clarity and specificity.But its not only about clarity. After all, most people would probably understand what you meant if you wrote the first sentence. But isnt there something a little more e legant, a little more professional about the second sentence? If you agree, do this exercise. It wont take you long to complete it, and your computer will help. Go through your entire manuscript right now, and do a global search for the word only. Make sure, in each instance, it appears, that its in the proper place within the sentence. If not, fix it. Now was that so hard? And I guarantee that after doing this exercise, my little tip will stick in your mind, and the next work you write will use only correctly much more often. But since, as I said, its a mistake thats generally accepted in speech, its a mistake easily overlooked in writing. So always keep your eyes open for it.The proper placement of the word is not always as clear-cut as it is in my examples at the top, and there may be instances where moving only to immediately before or after the word it modifies makes your sentence read awkwardly. As always with grammar rules, use your judgment and tailor this one to your own wo rk and to each sentence within that work. But if you ever see that the sentences clarity is in doubt, this is an easy way to eliminate that doubt while making your writing that much more professional and elegant.

If Only Writers Put the Word Only in the Right Place

If Only Writers Put the Word Only in the Right Place Read the following two sentences quickly. They mean the same thing, right? Now go back down and read them again, more carefully this time.Susan only submitted the manuscript of her novel to three literary agencies.Susan submitted the manuscript of her novel to only three literary agencies.Ever hear of a misplaced modifier? The term encompasses many possible grammatical errors, but essentially, a misplaced modifier is a descriptive word or phrase that is not placed next to the noun or other word it modifies, thereby creating either awkwardness in reading or incorrect syntax, or both. In this article, Im going to briefly tell you about one of the most common examples, one that is a pet peeve of mine and of copy editors everywhere: the use and misuse of the simple word only.This is one of those grammar rules that most people (including yours truly) very often dont follow in speech or in informal writing. In speech, the incorrect usage is probably even more common than the correct usage: ask yourself if, when speaking, you would be more likely to say the first sentence or the second sentence above. The first, right? Be honest, now. For this reason, it is an error that needs editing in every single manuscript that comes across my desk, even those by the most experienced and published authors. Too picky, you might sayâ€"but remember: formal, professional writing isnt the same as speech, and a construction that might not sound awkward in speech or look awkward in an e-mail isnt necessarily the most effective way to frame a sentence in fiction (or in any other formal writing). Being picky sometimes means being a professional.The sentences above, if you read them out loud, might have the same meaning to your ear. But a closer look on the page reveals that their meanings are vastly different. The most important thing to keep in mind when writingâ€"after, you know, stuff such as spelling words correctly and creating an effective plot and charactersâ€"is to never confuse y our readers. This doesnt mean you should never intentionally mislead the reader of your mystery novel into thinking the wrong person did it, or leave ambiguous the ending of your thriller in order to leave room for a sequel. It means that the meaning you are trying to convey within each word, each sentence, is never in question when you dont intend it to be. If it is, readers become distracted from the world of your book (or story, or essay), and youve lost their attention.The first sentence in my example, Susan only submitted the manuscript of her novel to three literary agencies, does not convey the authors intended meaning. Why? Because only precedes the word submitted, which is not the word it is meant to modify. As written, the sentence tells us that Susan did nothing but submit her manuscript to three literary agencies. She didnt submit it to publishers. She didnt enter it into writing contests. She didnt have it bound and engraved. (Dont do that, by the way, if youre planning to send your own manuscript to anyone.) In fact, if were reading the sentence very strictly, she didnt do anything else at all but submit. She didnt even get out of bed and brush her teeth that morning. She only submitted.Now look at the second sentence, Susan submitted the manuscript of her novel to only three literary agencies. Aha! Do you get the difference? Susan submitted to only three literary agencies. This construction leaves no room for doubt. She didnt submit to any fewer or any more agencies than three. Period. This construction is not only clearer, but it also emphasizes more strongly the sentences significance to whatever story its a part of: namely, that Susan didnt submit her manuscript to very many agencies. This simple rearrangement of words eliminates ambiguity and improves clarity and specificity.But its not only about clarity. After all, most people would probably understand what you meant if you wrote the first sentence. But isnt there something a little more e legant, a little more professional about the second sentence? If you agree, do this exercise. It wont take you long to complete it, and your computer will help. Go through your entire manuscript right now, and do a global search for the word only. Make sure, in each instance, it appears, that its in the proper place within the sentence. If not, fix it. Now was that so hard? And I guarantee that after doing this exercise, my little tip will stick in your mind, and the next work you write will use only correctly much more often. But since, as I said, its a mistake thats generally accepted in speech, its a mistake easily overlooked in writing. So always keep your eyes open for it.The proper placement of the word is not always as clear-cut as it is in my examples at the top, and there may be instances where moving only to immediately before or after the word it modifies makes your sentence read awkwardly. As always with grammar rules, use your judgment and tailor this one to your own wo rk and to each sentence within that work. But if you ever see that the sentences clarity is in doubt, this is an easy way to eliminate that doubt while making your writing that much more professional and elegant.

The Honor Tug Of War - 2009 Words

The Honor Tug of War In The First Part of King Henry IV, Shakespeare integrates the concept of honor throughout the whole play. Honor is often thought of as a symbol that signifies approval or distinction, but it is how one embodies this honor that varies in the play. Certain characters are so fixated with honor that they forget about the other aspects of their life, in direct contrast other characters have no belief in honor and only care about self-preservation. Shakespeare uses characters like this to illustrate how the positive traits can be contained in one man who embodies the truest form of honor, this being Prince Hal. By comparing Hotspur and Falstaff’s opposing views of honor, Shakespeare exposes that the Prince has the beneficial traits of the two, therefore making him the symbol of rational and noble honor. The ballad â€Å"A lamentable Ditty composed upon the Death of Robert Lord Devereux, late Earle of Essex, who was be-headed in the Tower of London, on Ashwenes day in the morning, 1600.To the tune of Welladay† illustrates how honor was viewed in the Renaissance through the story telling of a recently passed on Lord. The fourth stanza of the ballad explains how Robert Lord Devereux achieved his honor on the battlefield by stating â€Å"All men that is and was, / evermore still: / One day as it was soone, / in honour of our Queene, / Such deeds hath nere bin seene, / as he did doe.† (Pepys 27-32). This quote demonstrates that Devereux completed tasks on the battlefieldShow MoreRelatedThe Is The State Of Being A Child851 Words   |  4 Pageshate it. I hate being stuck in the middle of two sides, trapped in the center of the conflict, with no place to turn. I’m not on one side and I’m not on the other—I’m just lost in the middle. When I close my eyes, I imagine that it’s all a game of tug-of-war. I am the rope that each parent is so desperate to gain. They each pull without compromise, determined to win me over. Each pull is a painful blow, a searing pain. Sometimes I think the solution would be to just go to one side—to give one parentRead MoreTaking a Look at Capital Punishment677 Words   |  3 PagesRevolution (â€Å"Part I†). A tug-of-war has seemed to exist for centuries on the topic of the death penalty. As citizens nationwide becomes more and more left-leaning, we are seeing a growing number of votes against this inhumane use of punishment. However, the voice of those who continue to fight for the practice of the death penalty is loud. They argue that even though the innocent have been killed by the death penalty, they are still receiving their justice and rightful honor by being later exoneratedRead MoreEssay on Looking Forward to Starting High School631 Words   |  3 Pagesof the world. 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One Cold Winter Night A Woman - 1520 Words

One cold winter night a pregnant woman Nicole Jackson, a wife, and also a mother of two tried to get in contact with her husband who was in the navy. Her husband John left his wife in the worst pain of her life, to go on duty. Nicole knew when she married her husband that he was dedicated to his job, but she thought being a supportive wife and mother to her family would somehow make him come around more. Two days went by and Nicole hasn’t heard nor seen her husband. The kids started to worry about their father. Since Nicole was pregnant she couldn’t control her feelings and emotions. The kids are asking â€Å"Why is mom crying?† and â€Å"Where is daddy?† Nicole had no answers for her children because honestly she also had no idea where he is†¦show more content†¦Later on that Tuesday afternoon, Nicole went to have coffee with her two friends Sarah and Amy. Sarah never liked John because before Nicole married him and had children by him, he used to beat her. To this day Nicole always says â€Å"He will never go back to beating me again, he has changed†. â€Å"Listen Nicole, I’m your friend and I will always be here for you, so if you say he has changed I have no choice but to believe you. I love you and don’t want you to get hurt again.† Says Sarah. On the 6th day, the same lady that Nicole had spoken to first about her husband called her back to inform her that John had not been enrolled in the Navy for 8 years now. â€Å"This is absurd, this has to be a lie. He’s been back in fourth from home to the navy going for the past 15 years.† Cries Nicole. â€Å"I’m sorry ma’am but this is the truth.† So now Nicole is worried. She waits another 2 weeks to see if her husband will return. After those 2 weeks she started to look at places where he would mostly likely be. She was going to any sources she could but her first stop was his home office. Nicole starts to really worry about her husband, the kids are started to see their mother cry every day, what is there left to do? 3 weeks pasted and Nicole finally had some led to where her husband might be. That Wednesday night she asked her friend Amy can she watch her kids for a little while, Amy said â€Å"Yes, but she what’s going on?† Nicole told her â€Å"I have an idea

The Problem Of Climate Change - 1188 Words

Who is involved with the climate change in California? Humans, corporations, electricity generators, petroleum refineries facilities, oil and gas production, hydrogen plants, and cogeneration. What part of the country is exactly doing the most damage? Long Beach - Los Angeles, CA. How many people are affected, according to official records? People who are residences in California, are the one who are most affected. Mostly the general people, who is in the radius of climate change. For example Sacramento, California is lacking rain which is causing lots of wildfires. Why is this issue so clearly unfair? The reason why climate change is so unfair, is because of the aftermath it causes due to our everyday activities. For example California is†¦show more content†¦It also claims to be only 51% average instead of being 100%. This is also caused from the current storms situation or known as climate change. Another bad situation of recent events in California is when The Rough, a w ildfire in Sierra Nevada forest grew about 85,894 acres. This event was bound to happen due to California lack of water supply. Which was most likely due to dry forest due to climate change. What kind of groups in the country is working to help improve this situation? Companies like 350.org, Sierra Club, Greenpeace, Idle No More, and Union of concerned scientist are actually working on the situations of climate change. What groups or individuals in Alexandria is working to help improve this situation? Those would be the individuals who are using different kind of ways to support their needs without depending on fossil fuels as an energy source. For example someone deciding to use solar power energy instead of natural gas and electricity that are harming our environments.What kind of individuals or groups in the country say that it’s not a issue or problem? That would be the citizens who are blinded by the truth. The kind of individuals who don t have the knowledge on how many companies like Exxon, BP, and Chevron and citizen who actually use fossil fuels to spread the harmful CO2 into the air we breathe. What individuals or groups in the country are working to mak e sure that this

The Offense Balance in Cyberspace-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: How will Artificial Intelligence Shift the Offense-Defense Balance in Cyberspace? Answer: Introduction Technology is continuously evolving, cyber-attacks and cyber security also being advanced and evolving at the same pace as technology. Cybersecurity threats graphs are continuously increasing and most of the threats generally become undetectable unless it harms in the real world. For a general human, it is a very complex matter to analyse all the data saved in the system[1]. This report focuses on the role of Artificial Intelligence in balancing the Offense and Defense in cyberspace. AI is not a very new technology as robots have been around since 1950's of which, many practical applications are available in our daily life. This report presents the objectives related to the cybersecurity and emphasizes on cyberattacks those are becoming a common factor for the data and information saved in the system either offline or online. The Internet has become an integral part of the life living for almost every human being and saving data or information on the internet makes them vulnerable to cyberattacks. This report presents an idea of how AI could change the face of the cybersecurity and contribute to the Defense through a debate. Watson, GoogleDeepmind, and Showan are some of the examples of AI those are contributing to enhancing the cybersecurity. The Offense-Defence Balance (ODB) theory has been discussed in this report with regard to the international stability and how AI could be implemented and used for the good cause. Role of Artificial Intelligence in Cyberspace Artificial Intelligence John McCarthy defined this as, The science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It can be described as a way of making the software, computer, and computer-controlled robot much smarter, similar to the human intelligence. Various researchers are trying to implement such thinking for decades and success is leading to various attempts[2]. It can be described as the mixture of Philosophy, computer science, neuron science, biology, psychology, math, and sociology. There are various applications of AI in the current world including games, expert systems, speech recognition, natural language processing, intelligent robots, handwriting recognition and much more[3]. Artificial Intelligence (AI) could act as a boon for such issues and could help in analysing a very wide range of data in very less time as compared to the data processed by humans.Offense-Defense in cyberspace is another concerning topic related to the virtual computer world t hat could be overcome by Artificial intelligence[4]. Following graph shows the growth in the investment in AI technology for the cybersecurity in future: Figure 1: Rate of growing investment in AI for Cybersecurity (Source: Kishor, 2017) Cyberspace Cyberspace can be defined as the virtual world for the computers or an electronic medium that could be used from a global computer network in a manner to accomplish online communication. The world computes operating TCP/IP protocol, which contributes to the large virtual computer network in a manner to aid the data exchange and communication between the computers[5]. It can also be described as a platform for the virtual and interactive environment for a wide range of participants. Offense Defence Strategy The most common application of AI could be seen in Google search engine other than virtual gaming, Big Data, Data Mining, military weapons, etc. AI is advancing every technology anyone could think of. Various features of the cyberspace suggest that AI has been used for offense more, over the Defense and following are some the considerations on which these objectives depends: Key Vulnerabilities: Vulnerabilities in the systems are the main cause behind every cyberattack as malicious coding, malware, viruses and other similar threats can only be executed if there is any vulnerability in the system. Other general factors can be related to the flaws in the software or if the intruder gets access to the network[6]. Technically, it can be said that it is impossible for any programmer or IT specialist to rule out flaws in the design of the software and in practical life, it is unfeasible to detach the computer from the network. One of the major characteristics of cyber defense can be stated as it changes much rapidly, which could lead to unanticipated and catastrophic consequences[7]. Offense progress is more rapid than Defense: Cyberspace is not a natural objective or phenomenon rather it has resulted from the technological revolution[8]. Technology is being continuously evolved and so the features of the cyberspace, offense-defense balance also being evolved. It can be seen that offense and defense both are developing and improving, and the constant upgrades in hardware and software is one of the major causes for this. However, the rate of the growth in defense is lagging the development of the offense. Slayyton (2017) stated, Offense-Defense curves at levels which characterize that todays cyberspace favours the offense. That is, another dollars worth of offense requires far more than another dollars worth of defence to restore prior levels of security[9]. Following graph can depicts the role of AI in offense defense strategy: Figure 2: Role of AI in Offense-Defense strategy (Source: Riley, 2017) Attribution is Difficult: The cyberattacks could be executed from a very far distance via the internet, which makes it difficult to identify the main culprit behind the offense penetration. Considering the fact that, a handful of people are needed to plan and execute such attacks, and the government might clearly deny from such responsibilities[10]. For instance, the attack which was executed on Estonian websites in 2007, in which botnets were used to deliver DoS attack, in which various requests showed the involvement of Kremlin in the attack. However, there was no concrete evidence that they carried out the attack and arguments became plausible[11]. Offense-defense system is not directly affected by the difficulty in attribution but indirectly it supports the offense as it nourished, that the attack could be carried out without any punishment. Cyberspace is currently a Defence Dominant Domain Cyberspace has become the favorite platform for the intrusion and breaches because a good programmer could use the same machine learning and manipulate the system for their own purpose easily, and could target a bigger prey. Technology is evolving with rapid speed than any other innovation and cyberattacks are the threats that are not going towards an end any soon. Artificial Intelligence could play a major role in guarding the systems and preventing such intrusions. Artificial intelligence could be helpful in detecting the advancing threat, shortening the response times for the defense and refining the techniques that might be helpful in differentiating between the actions that must be ignored, and dreadful efforts for compromising the security[12]. Some examples of offense that could affect the individuals in the globe could be stated, as firstly, one the most devastating cyberattacks was Ransomware, using WannaCry as a malware, which affected most of the multinational companies, h ospitals, federals and many other places. This attack had been expected to be started on May 12, 2017. Secondly, national cyber incident response centre reported that hospital clinics in the UK were affected by a malware called Bad Rabbit. Many other federals systems were shut down and most of the organizations were not able to function well[13]. There are many other threats including the hacking of IoT devices those should be considered while talking about cybersecurity and Artificial Intelligence[14]. IoT devices are the general application of machine learning. Certain unwanted activities have shown that these are very easy subjects to be manipulated. Artificial intelligence will take no time in responding to such situations those might be detected as a threat element for the system. Harknett and Nyre in 2017, stated that before AI, it was being assumed that ninety percent of the data is fine as there was bandwidth to analyse only ten percent of the data. Many human labours could be saved using artificial intelligence, as AI mimics what a proper analyst would do[15]. In the current situation, IBM is also investing into Artificial Intelligence for the security using the cognitive computing platform. The company is contributing by making Watson much advanced and well-read through a wide range of security research. Currently, about fifty customers are using Watson in a manner to gain more information about the analytic platforms and security intelligence[16]. Watson is an example how AI could play a vital role in contributing to defense in an efficient and effective manner, with minimum time consumption. It was reported by IBM that AI used in Watson, could be helpful in performing investigation process for the bugs and glitches, sixty times faster than any human investigator[17]. This could lead to the solution from a complex analysis of any incident that could take a minute or an hour, which is way less time than what a programmer would take. AI with machine learning, could be the futuristic technology, whose evolvement is at a high pace and leading to the rapidness in the laborious process of data sorting, and comparing it based on the calculations and other circumstances[18]. Aiming at the quantum computing is another important aspect that will be helpful in ensuring that no stone is left unturned, and every data is well processed and evaluated. Computers are generally represented in zeroes and ones, AI could make it much easy through quantum computing by executing both, but neither at the same time. Quantum computing enables the users to look into every piece of the haystack through machine knowledge and explore the threat or bugs that might affect the security of the system. Examples of Artificial Intelligence Several experiments are still going on, if AI is used in, many advances then it might cause damage. An example could be taken from the Transformers' movie that states how high level of AI (Skynet) could cause damage. However, there are the many examples of AI technology that could contribute to balancing the cyber offense defense as cybersecurity is the most concerning objective related to the technology innovation nowadays. IBM, MIT, Google and many other big companies are continuously introducing the technologies implemented with AI and allowing more applications for this technology[19]. Showan, IBMs Watson, and Googles Deepmind are some of the examples that are contributing in securing the virtual world. Artificial intelligence collects the information related to the actions and activities of the commands through using Intelligent Automation (IA)[20]. Classic automation is another process, which is the technology that contributes to the machine learning and allows the machine to u nderstand the best probability of the actions. However, intelligent automation is a different objective related to the classic automation that could be helpful for machines in eliminating the unscaleable and expensive human intelligence without eliminating the factors related to the reliability or quality of the process. Merat and Amuhdati (2015) presented a paper emphasizing on Showan, as the artificial intelligence application in a manner to improve the cyber security in the virtual computer field[21]. They have introduced that machine learning can be understood as different types of computing processes and it can be mapped within a multitasking environment. Showan is software modelling and mapping paradigm that has been developed in a manner to characterize and learn the behaviour of the systems concerning the cyber security awareness against several concurrent threats[22]. Like other AI applications at its earlier stage, it was not much efficient, later on as the data storage wa s improved, the machine learning goes on enhancing and the calculations and upgrades resulted in an efficient technology. The aim was to develop a process that could be contended with more than one concurrent thread during the task performance[23]. This enables large data being transferred with a minimum time delay with the help of the machine learning and without compromising the security of the systems. Offense Defence Theory for International Stability Critics and Proponents of the Offense Defence Balance (ODB) hypothesis are generally concerned with international stability remarking as topical issues including the war inception, escalation, and security dilemma. The relative or assumed strength of defense over offense or offense over the defense of a country can lead towards opposite outcomes for the arguments related to these phenomena[24]. Considering the facts when conquests and the attack are held to be far easy than protection of the subjected target, theory of ODB can be helpful in predicting the common systematic outcomes that could be a security dilemma, possibilities of war to be happened, and tendency to increase the aims of the war[25]. Regarding the policies and strategies of the ODB implementation, there are various ways and they could be convinced that the offense has more advantage over the defense; the attackers might tend to perpetrate pre-emptive attacks. However, considering the facts related to the defense is easier than offense, "states have more incentives in a manner to compromise, embark on binding strategies and even engage in disarmament policies. Regarding the international stability, it is important to concern on the defense regardless of the offense, as the offense will only lead towards the destruction and loss of different countries properties (Kremmer and Muller 2013). The defense will always focus on eliminating the factors related to the threat to the system's data and information and this will be helpful in creating international peace. Most of the offense system targets on the subjects related to different countries in a manner to affect the stability and economic of that country and some of the governments support the attackers and try to protect them. This could also happen to the same country and the attackers might be protected by the affected country, however, there is not any profit in such intrusions and will only destroy the properties of those countries[26]. The defense strategy will not help the different countries in protecting their internal properties; rather it will also help in protecting the threats from outside the country and will ensure peace among them. Most of the countries' military is spending a lot of money in implementing AI into the weapons in a manner to make them much advanced and for a mass destruction. However, as stated above spending on offense will only lead to the wastage of money and stability will always be unbalanced. Cyberspace has a dual nature such as soft and hard, or virtual and real that is results in a peculiar battleground for the cyber programmers and target highly paying preys. Here different attackers attempt for the different purposes including disruptive processes such as destroying physical infrastructure. Another aspect related to the ODB can be stated as equally peculiar, is the centrality for the internet for the non-military and the military actors. Regardless of the difference between the non-military and military actors, they use either same software or hardware for the networks. (Abraham and Biddle 2016) stated, "the result is two-fold: on the one hand, cyber-threats can take the form of either criminal activities or acts of war just depending on the target of the attack[27]." The source of the threats related to the ODB varies conspicuously that range from the hackers, intelligent services, or to terrorists. Cyberattacks include unauthorized access to data and information through advance coding that makes the cyber espionage and other unauthorized tracking or monitoring system a cyberattacks too. No matter what the purpose is but, accessing the data or information related to the individual without having properly authorized access can be put in the category of cyber attacks. Companies facing cyberattacks can be represented in following graph: Figure 3: Share of companies facing cyberattacks (Source: Riley, 2017) The complexity of comparison between the offense and defense theory could be minimized if the attention has been drawn on both objectives separately while discussing the terms related to the ODB theory. Equally important, it is easier to assess their relative costs, as the main purpose of the action is not to control a territory but to compromise/ensure the effectiveness of a system or network[28].Considering the traditional war domains, it could be stated that it is probably impossible for measuring the ODB as if it were an equation. Conclusion Based on the above report it can be concluded that AI could be used as either an offense or a defense system that depends on how the application will be carried out. This report mainly focused on defense dominant domain of the AI in cybersecurity. Cybersecurity and national security are the two very vast and sensitive chapters for a human being and combining the thinking capability of a human being with the quantum computing strength of the computer could result in overcoming such shortcomings. AI could evaluate every haystack of data and information saved in the database in much easy and with very less time consumption that makes it a reliable technology. Despite so many advantages, there are certain issues with the AI as nothing is perfect in this world and AI could be used as an offensive system. Using AI for the offense could result in mass destruction and the intruder could easily operate such unwanted actions from the very far distance and easily get away with any law allegatio ns. AI is not only being used for the defense purpose however, even the government is using it in the offense in a manner to make the missiles more efficient and accurate. This report presents the bright side of the AI including how AI could be used against the cyberattacks. However, it is necessary to increase the boundary of the experiments considering the dark side of such advanced technology. References Abrahms, Max, and Stephen Biddle. "Free Access Why Terrorism Does Not Work (8800 times)."International Security21, no. 1 (1996): 186-191. Betts, Richard K., ed.Conflict after the Cold War: arguments on causes of war and peace. Taylor Francis, 2017. Betz, David J.Cyberspace and the State: Towards a Strategy for Cyber-power. Routledge, 2017. Cummins, Shannon C.The Garrison Domain: Civil Military Relations in the Cyberspace Domain. AIR COMMAND AND STAFF COLL MAXWELL AFB AL MAXWELL AFB United States, 2015. Dilsizian, Steven E., and Eliot L. Siegel. "Artificial intelligence in medicine and cardiac imaging: harnessing big data and advanced computing to provide personalized medical diagnosis and treatment."Current cardiology reports16, no. 1 (2014): 441. Gartzke, Erik, and Jon R. Lindsay. "Weaving tangled webs: offense, defense, and deception in cyberspace."Security Studies24, no. 2 (2015): 316-348. Gartzke, Erik. "The myth of cyberwar: bringing war in cyberspace back down to earth."International Security38, no. 2 (2013): 41-73. Harknett, Richard J., and Joseph S. Nye Jr. "Is Deterrence Possible in Cyberspace?."International Security(2017). Kasprick, Robert, Jordan Hoffman, Jeremy Straub, and Eunjin Kim. "Cyber Security Artificial Intelligence Expert System." (2016). Kitano, Hiroaki. "Biological Complexity and the Need for Computational Approaches." InPhilosophy of Systems Biology, pp. 169-180. Springer International Publishing, 2017. Kishor, N. (2017).Artificial Intelligence in Cyber Security Market to Reach $18.2 Billion by 2023: PS Market Research. [online] Houseofbots.com. Available at: https://houseofbots.com/news-detail/1419-1-artificial-intelligence-in-cyber-security-market-to-reach-dollar18.2-billion-by-2023-ps-market-research [Accessed 13 Nov. 2017]. Kremer, Jan-Frederik, and Benedikt Mller, eds.Cyberspace and international relations: Theory, prospects and challenges. Springer Science Business Media, 2013. Krittanawong, C. "The rise of artificial intelligence and the uncertain future for physicians." (2017).. Krittanawong, Chayakrit, HongJu Zhang, Zhen Wang, Mehmet Aydar, and Takeshi Kitai. "Artificial Intelligence in Precision Cardiovascular Medicine."Journal of the American College of Cardiology69, no. 21 (2017): 2657-2664. Levine, Brian A. "AI has brains--but it's no MD: artificial intelligence has uses in medicine, but will never replace doctors' intuition."Contemporary OB/GYN62, no. 4 (2017): 30-32. Lieber, K., 2014. The Offense-Defence Balance and Cyber Warfare.Cyber Analogies, pp.96-107. Medvedev, Sergei A. "Offense-defense theory analysis of Russian cyber capability." PhD diss., Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2015. Merat, Soorena, and Wahab Almuhtadi. "Artificial intelligence application for improving cyber-security acquirement." InElectrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE), 2015 IEEE 28th Canadian Conference on, pp. 1445-1450. IEEE, 2015. Lemaire, Vincent, Christophe Salperwyck, and Alexis Bondu. "A survey on supervised classification on data streams." InBusiness Intelligence, pp. 88-125. Springer International Publishing, 2015. Miller, Steven E., and Stephen Van Evera, eds.The Star Wars Controversy: An" International Security" Reader. Princeton University Press, 2014. Pan, Yunhe. "Heading toward artificial intelligence 2.0."Engineering2, no. 4 (2016): 409-413. Riley, S. (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.houseofbots.com/pulse/introducing-darklight-gaming-changing-artificial-cyber-shawn-riley/ [Accessed 13 Nov. 2017]. Ripsman, Norrin M., Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, and Steven E. Lobell.Neoclassical realist theory of international politics. Oxford University Press, 2016. Saltzman, Ilai. "Cyber posturing and the offense-defense balance."Contemporary Security Policy34, no. 1 (2013): 40-63. Schmidt, Charlie. "MD Anderson Breaks With IBM Watson, Raising Questions About Artificial Intelligence in Oncology."JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute109, no. 5 (2017). Shaheen, Salma. "Offensedefense balance in cyber warfare." InCyberspace and International Relations, pp. 77-93. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. Slayton, Rebecca. "What Is the Cyber Offense-Defense Balance? Conceptions, Causes, and Assessment."International Security41, no. 3 (2017): 72-109. Somashekhar, S. P., R. Kumarc, A. Rauthan, K. R. Arun, P. Patil, and Y. E. Ramya. "Abstract S6-07: Double blinded validation study to assess performance of IBM artificial intelligence platform, Watson for oncology in comparison with Manipal multidisciplinary tumour boardFirst study of 638 breast cancer cases." (2017): S6-07. Yampolskiy, Roman V., and M. S. Spellchecker. "Artificial Intelligence Safety and Cybersecurity: a Timeline of AI Failures."arXiv preprint arXiv:1610.07997(2016). Kasprick, Robert, Jordan Hoffman, Jeremy Straub, and Eunjin Kim. "Cyber Security Artificial Intelligence Expert System." (2016). Miller, Steven E., and Stephen Van Evera, eds.The Star Wars Controversy: An" International Security" Reader. Princeton University Press, 2014. Krittanawong, Chayakrit, HongJu Zhang, Zhen Wang, Mehmet Aydar, and Takeshi Kitai. "Artificial Intelligence in Precision Cardiovascular Medicine."Journal of the American College of Cardiology69, no. 21 (2017): 2657-2664. Yampolskiy, Roman V., and M. S. Spellchecker. "Artificial Intelligence Safety and Cybersecurity: a Timeline of AI Failures."arXiv preprint arXiv:1610.07997(2016). Betz, David J.Cyberspace and the State: Towards a Strategy for Cyber-power. Routledge, 2017. Lieber, K., 2014. The Offense-Defence Balance and Cyber Warfare.Cyber Analogies, pp.96-107. Gartzke, Erik. "The myth of cyberwar: bringing war in cyberspace back down to earth."International Security38, no. 2 (2013): 41-73. Saltzman, Ilai. "Cyber posturing and the offense-defense balance."Contemporary Security Policy34, no. 1 (2013): 40-63. Slayton, Rebecca. "What Is the Cyber Offense-Defense Balance? Conceptions, Causes, and Assessment."International Security41, no. 3 (2017): 72-109. Shaheen, Salma. "Offensedefense balance in cyber warfare." InCyberspace and International Relations, pp. 77-93. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. Gartzke, Erik, and Jon R. Lindsay. "Weaving tangled webs: offense, defense, and deception in cyberspace."Security Studies24, no. 2 (2015): 316-348. Lemaire, Vincent, Christophe Salperwyck, and Alexis Bondu. "A survey on supervised classification on data streams." InBusiness Intelligence, pp. 88-125. Springer International Publishing, 2015. Cummins, Shannon C.The Garrison Domain: Civil Military Relations in the Cyberspace Domain. AIR COMMAND AND STAFF COLL MAXWELL AFB AL MAXWELL AFB United States, 2015. Pan, Yunhe. "Heading toward artificial intelligence 2.0."Engineering2, no. 4 (2016): 409-413. Harknett, Richard J., and Joseph S. Nye Jr. "Is Deterrence Possible in Cyberspace?."International Security(2017) Schmidt, Charlie. "MD Anderson Breaks With IBM Watson, Raising Questions About Artificial Intelligence in Oncology."JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute109, no. 5 (2017). Somashekhar, S. P., R. Kumarc, A. Rauthan, K. R. Arun, P. Patil, and Y. E. Ramya. "Abstract S6-07: Double blinded validation study to assess performance of IBM artificial intelligence platform, Watson for oncology in comparison with Manipal multidisciplinary tumour boardFirst study of 638 breast cancer cases." (2017): S6-07. Dilsizian, Steven E., and Eliot L. Siegel. "Artificial intelligence in medicine and cardiac imaging: harnessing big data and advanced computing to provide personalized medical diagnosis and treatment."Current cardiology reports16, no. 1 (2014): 441. Levine, Brian A. "AI has brains--but it's no MD: artificial intelligence has uses in medicine, but will never replace doctors' intuition."Contemporary OB/GYN62, no. 4 (2017): 30-32. Ripsman, Norrin M., Jeffrey W. Taliaferro, and Steven E. Lobell.Neoclassical realist theory of international politics. Oxford University Press, 2016. Merat, Soorena, and Wahab Almuhtadi. "Artificial intelligence application for improving cyber-security acquirement." InElectrical and Computer Engineering (CCECE), 2015 IEEE 28th Canadian Conference on, pp. 1445-1450. IEEE, 2015. Krittanawong, C. "The rise of artificial intelligence and the uncertain future for physicians." (2017).. Riley, S. (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.houseofbots.com/pulse/introducing-darklight-gaming-changing-artificial-cyber-shawn-riley/ [Accessed 13 Nov. 2017]. Betts, Richard K., ed.Conflict after the Cold War: arguments on causes of war and peace. Taylor Francis, 2017. Medvedev, Sergei A. "Offense-defense theory analysis of Russian cyber capability." PhD diss., Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2015. Kishor, N. (2017).Artificial Intelligence in Cyber Security Market to Reach $18.2 Billion by 2023: PS Market Research. [online] Houseofbots.com. Available at: https://houseofbots.com/news-detail/1419-1-artificial-intelligence-in-cyber-security-market-to-reach-dollar18.2-billion-by-2023-ps-market-research [Accessed 13 Nov. 2017]. Abrahms, Max, and Stephen Biddle. "Free Access Why Terrorism Does Not Work (8800 times)."International Security21, no. 1 (1996): 186-191. Kitano, Hiroaki. "Biological Complexity and the Need for Computational Approaches." InPhilosophy of Systems Biology, pp. 169-180. Springer International Publishing, 2017.

Essay Examples on Letter Essay Example

Essay Examples on Letter Paper 1st Essay Sample on Letter Dear Sir: I respectfully would like to request to be readmitted to reading class. I have been unsuccessful in my previous attempts of passing the class due to a number of valid reasons such as my limited financial capability along with other personal problems which made it very difficult for me to focus on the task at hand. Such events proved to be too much for me to handle at that time and as a result, I was not able to do what was required to pass such course. The reason I am writing this letter is because reading class is a prerequisite in order for me to be able to take other classes. I intend to finish reading class so that I can move on to my other subjects which I plan to take as soon as possible. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Letter specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Letter specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Letter specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Letter Letter Letter At present, my financial standing has improved and my personal life has been quite stable that is why I am confident that given another chance to take this class, I will pass it with flying colors. I shall take the class seriously this time and I promise to put in the work that is necessary to fulfill all the assignments that the course requires. I know that I have the potential to be good in anything that I put my heart into, right now I am determined and mentally ready to focus on my academics. I hope that my humble request will be given favorable and timely consideration as I plan to enroll in the coming fall. 2nd Essay Sample on Letter Throughout our time together I have worked very hard and have learned very much from you. I am beginning to understand the fundamental framework of knowledge that is necessary in order to become a talented student. I am understanding more with each assignment and course reading and I am able to apply what I am learning to my everyday life. This course will be an integral part of my education and I look forward to improving with each assignment.With this in mind, I feel that I deserve an A for my hard work and dedication. After the first assignment where I received at 70/100, I have earned an average of 96.7% on the next six projects. That being said, there is still room for improvement and I am striving for this as I have completed all of the assignments on time and I have put in the necessary effort to complete them according to the instructions.

7 Strategies for Getting a Raise

7 Strategies for Getting a Raise No one ever wrote a song about performance review time, calling it the â€Å"most wonderful tiiiiime of the year.† Nobody loves it, except maybe the most devoted members of Human Resources. It’s extra work for you, your boss, and your company. However, it’s worth it- it not only lets you know how you’re doing, but it also might net you a bonus or raise. The time to start thinking about that raise is not 10 minutes before your self-evaluation is due. Planning ahead can bring great rewards.1. Set goals  early. REALLY early.If possible, you can even set these goals  before you have the job. If you spend a lot of time discussing the skill-building and growth you expect to see in your first year in the job, it helps your new employer set a baseline for your performance. Of course, realism is the key here. If you say you’re going to increase revenue by X% and you don’t meet that, you’ve just set yourself up for failure. Instead, set your self up for success†¦ and future profit.2. Know your goalposts throughout the year.If your boss expects you’ll hit certain milestones or complete particular projects, take extra care with those- they’ll be the concrete proof of your raise-worthy year. Make sure you keep a paper trail for big projects to help remind you later what you accomplished. If you get glowing reviews from a colleague or a client, save them! You can casually bust those out during a year-end discussion, and use them to how just how valuable you are to the team. If you’re collecting data and keeping track of things all year, you won’t have to make a rushed pitch at the end of the year and risk forgetting accomplishments or projects that would make an excellent case for a raise.3. Don’t limit yourself to just your responsibilities  If your company has committees, join one. If there are employee social events, volunteer to help set up or clean up. If you see a way to provi de excellent service, but it would be a minor inconvenience to you, try to do it anyway. Things like these show that you’re willing to get your hands dirty in support of the company. You’re a team player who does what needs to be done, and doesn’t just wait around to be told what to do. If you want to look valuable, be valuable. You’d be surprised at how â€Å"small† things add up by the end of the year.4. Don’t lie or bluff about your accomplishments.Your boss will know if you are over-inflating numbers or making it look like you have a skill you don’t quite have. Be positive about your accomplishments and your skills, and talk them up as much as possible- just don’t feel the need to embellish. You don’t want anyone to question your integrity.5. Treat your review like a re-interview.Instead of letting your boss (or whoever is reviewing you) run through a monologue of your year while you sit quietly and sign the forms at the end, try to make sure it’s a dialogue. If she mentions a particular project, make sure the background and context are clear and that the takeaway- your success- is clear.6.  Turn your mistakes into accomplishments.If you didn’t have a perfect year (and who does?) it doesn’t mean you’ll be disqualified from a raise or that you don’t deserve one. Again, this is a chance to play up your strengths. If something didn’t go well and it comes up in your review, make sure you put some spin on it. Talk about what you learned from the process and how you’ve grown/what you’ve done to fix the issue after the fact.7. Don’t plead poverty.A discussion about a raise is a discussion about your work performance. That’s it. You may very well need the money, but your employer is not obligated to give raises out of pity or because you’re a nice person. Make sure the focus stays on the reasons Professional You deserves mor e compensation. Once you make it personal, you also give more leverage to your employer. If they know you really, really need more money for Fluffington McWhiskers’ plastic surgery, they can try to lowball you because they know you’ll take less than you might be able to negotiate for yourself as part of a neutral, job-data-only presentation.If you start preparing well before you’re scheduled to meet for a review- or if you’ve picked a time during the rest of the year to make your case for a raise- you’re in a great position. If you’ve built a careful and clear case about why you deserve more, you have also created some built-in confidence. All you need to do is cross the finish line, hopefully a little richer than you were before.

Four functions of Management Internal and External Factors Assignment

Four functions of Management Internal and External Factors - Assignment Example When considering the internal and external factors in the management of the above resources in an organization, such factors as globalization, diversity, technology, and ethics among many others affect the four basic functions of management as discussed in the essay below. Globalization is a contemporary social feature arising from the use of the efficient means of both transport and communication. Globalization in business refers to the engagement in business beyond the boundaries of a country. This implies that business enjoys a large market thus increasing the likelihood of success. Globalization requires increased presence of a business in the market in order to increase the coverage of the market. Managers must therefore plan effective operations of the business in order to sustain appropriate operation. Globalization for example requires increased resources since the cost of doing business will definitely increase. The organization must therefore have adequate human resource among other significant resources in order to enhance the success of the company. Managers thus portray their leadership skills as they motivate the employees thus increasing the company’s productivity. Controlling is a fundamental human function mandated with the process of measuring achievements against the organizations’ goals and established objectives. Growth and sustained profitability is always among such established objectives. Globalization is a type of growth thus compelling managers to plan for the utilization of the resources and portray effective leadership skills in order to sustain the growth of the company as it ventures in the global market. A company must employ appropriate production and marketing strategies in order to realize the desire profitability often associated with globalization. Diversity is an equally important factor that arises with globalization and

Epiphenomenalism a retrospective analysis Essay

Epiphenomenalism a retrospective analysis - Essay Example It suggests that mental events are caused by physical events in the brain, but in turn, the mental event has no effects upon the physical events. Epiphenomenalists argue that behaviour is a result of muscular activity resultant from neural impulses and that these impulses are triggered by other impulses that are inputs from the senses. Thus the mind has no role to play in human behavior. Huxley himself compared the mental events to the steam horns that are fitted on a steam locomotive. He said that they play no vital role on the functioning of the steam engine. Mental phenomena according to him cannot create anymore impact on the physical plain anymore than a shadow can create impacts on the footsteps of the person. All mental events can be broadly divided in to two categories according to their nature. The first one comprises of phenomenal experiences such as pain, qualia after images and tastes etc. The second kind of mental events comprises of occurent propositional attitudes such as beliefs and desires. Arguments on epiphenomenalism can concern both types of mental events and one cannot give solid evidence to its sanctity on both levels. The two types of mental events can be connected provided we assume that we have our qualia. Thus if we assume that pains have no physical effects, we could infer that (i) pains do not cause the belief that we are in pain and (ii) beliefs that we are in pain is epiphenomenal. Since if we believe that we are in pain and it leads us to some response (even indirectly) having an effect on the physical plane, then we would have to affirm that the whole proposition of epiphenomena is nothing but absurd because according to the theory, the feeling that we are in pain should have no consequence to events in our physical world. The logic though lies in the premise that events in the physical world have sufficient causes in the physical world and if men tal events were real and separate from physical events, then it would require a violation of physical law. The interactionist model proposed that the pineal gland undergoes changes according to mental events and brings about physical changes. But epiphenomena denies the involvement of any mental events and hence such physical changes of the pineal gland should have to be explained by events in the physical plane. It explicitly states that there will be no such change in the gland until a physical force would cause it to change. This is where epiphenomena disappoint us once more. Its rigidity and lack of accommodative capacity for new findings leave us with no option, but to sideline it and look for a better theory. Other arguments that are contrary to the standing of epiphenomena include the theory of natural selection. For that theory to stand, it should explain the development of consciousness. But a property by which a selection can occur in a species is relevant only when particular thoughts have effects upon specific behavior patterns. Therefore it is imperative that the conscious and the qualia should alter the course of behaviour in the physical world - quite contrary to what epiphenomenalism states. We all know that natural selection is a reality whether we like it or not and hence as a consequence epiphenomenalism fails to stand ground. It also contradicts the existence of other minds. But we do know that

Risk Assessment And Treatment Of Paedophiles Criminology Essay

Risk Assessment And Treatment Of Paedophiles Criminology Essay An essential aspect of dealing with paedophiles, for the government and the public as well, is risk assessment. This means calculating the probability of the occurrence of a harmful behavior and its impact on the target and all that will be affected (Kemshall, 2001). The assessment is based in observing and evaluating the factors that are indicators of the likeliness of offending or re offending as well as those propensities that endure in known or probable offenders. There are two approaches to risk assessment: the actuarial, a statistical calculation of probabilities, and the clinical, based on the observation of factors that proved to have resulted in sex offences. Actuarial methods The most well established scales of actuarial tools are: The Rapid Risk Assessment for Sex Offence Recidivism (RRASOR) Static 99 The Risk Matrix 2000 (RM 2000) and The Sex Offence Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG). The RRASOR (Grubin, 1998) comprises of the evaluation of prior sexual arrests age targeting male victims relation of the victims to the offender. RRASOR succeeds in identifying large groups of low risk offenders with low probability of recidivism and small groups of high risk offenders with high probability of recidivism. Static 99 is a combination of RRASOR and SACJ and considers static risk factors. It has a strong validity for male sex offenders who have been already served in prison. The items of Static 99 are: male victims never married offences that didnt involve contact victims that are unrelated victims that are strangers other sex offences other than sexual current types of violence more than 4 sentencing dates age that vary between 18 and 24.9 years. The Prison, Probation and Police Services in England and Wales use the Risk Matrix 2000. Its uniqueness compared to the other tools is that it can be used for whichever type of violence, sexual or non sexual. The RM 2000 has two stages. Stage 1 age at the commencement of risk number of appearances in court for sex offence related issues number of appearances in court for other offences than sexual Evaluation of these factors leads in placement in four groups: low, medium, high or very high risk. Stage 2 history of offences against male victims history of stranger sexual offence victim history of non contact sexual offences lack of long term intimate relationship If any subject has one of these factors, moves up one group on the previous ranking. If all four factors are present, the subject moves two groups upwards. The Sex Offence Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG) was developed in Canada by a sample of inmates of a high secure psychiatric hospital. It is used widely to predict violence committed by sexual offenders but it is also quite popular on non psychiatric offenders. It comprises of 14 items: living with biological parents until the age of 16 maladjustment in elementary school history of alcohol related problems evidence of sustained intimate relationship criminal activity with absence of violence criminal activity with violence prior convictions regarding sexual offences convicted sexual offences against girls under 14 years failure in achieving conditional release age at index offence personality disorder criteria from DSM-III are met schizophrenia criteria from DSM III are met evident deviant sexual preferences evident psychopathy. Clinical methods Clinical methods are conducted in psychiatric hospitals by interviewing and evaluating the responses of known sex offenders. They are not considered as reliable as the actuarial methods, yet they can provide structured behavioural rating scales as aid to the actuarial tools (Kemshall, 2001). Clinical methods can estimate successfully the impact of environmental factors on harmful behavior. Clinical methods can be categorized in unstructured and structured methods (Shaw, 2011). The psychoanalytic approach proposed by the unstructured model relies heavily on the human factor and so, it is considered to be outdated and highly subjective. On the other hand, the structured models are well respected and, subsequently, used as they combine psychoanalysis with statistical tools. The structured clinical methods that are most frequently used are: Psychopathy Checklist Revised (RCL-R) Historical, Clinical, Risk 20 (HCR 20) Sexual Violence Risk 20 (SVR 20) Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY). Managing risk In order to manage the risk posed to society by sex offenders there have been established agencies all over the United Kingdom. For risk management to e effective there has to be a solid information base and strong coordination between all the participants involved in the task of control and prevention of sex offences. It is an ongoing procedure that must be kept up to speed with the developments, apply new strategies and measure the efficacy of the actions taken. In Scotland the Multi Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA) has been established since the Management of Offenders Act 2005. The aim of MAPPA is to aid the work of criminal justice organizations in association with social services, so as they can reduce the acts of sex offenders and prevent recidivism of know offenders (MAPPA Annual Report 2009/2010). In England and Wales the Probation Service uses the Offender Assessment System to estimate the likelihood of re offending and re conviction. The Offender Assessment System uses the gathered information to alert the Multi Agency Public Protection Arrangements (MAPPA). MAPPA was established under the umbrella of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 Treatment of paedophiles Since the causes of paedophilia are yet unknown, it is a difficult task to determine the right course of treatment. At the moment, as there is no cohesive approach for the definition of paedophilia or its causes, there is a lack of the necessary consistency to the corresponding actions in regard of treating paedophiles as well. It is open to debate whether paedophiles exhibit mental disorder and if they are in need of treatment or their actions are of a sane person and are in need of punishment (Gordon Grubin, 2004). However, the main common goal for all the approaches of treatment is to reduce the danger of recidivism (Perkins et al, 1998). Treatment of paedophiles has changed its course many times over the years. The surgical castration(Perkins et al, 1998) that was used as a means of treating paedophiles and other convicted sex offenders, was abandoned by the 70s (Gordon Grubin, 2004), as hormonal therapy was gaining ground. Hormonal treatment included giving oestrogens but had high rates of side effects, such as thrombosis of carcinogenesis. Oestrogens gave their place to cyproterone acetate and medroxy progesterone acetate (Gordon Grubin, 2004). The drug treatment managed to reduce recidivism as only 15% of the users relapsed as opposed to the 68% of the non users (Perkins et al, 1998).Currently, dynamic psychotherapy is widely used for sex offenders (Gordon Grubin, 2004). The first step towards treatment is for the sex offenders to admit to their guilt. This is important as the treatment will try to persuade the offender to understand and empathize with the victim, while the psychological and physiological characteristics of paedophilia will be quelled. However, those who do not admit guilt can still be included in the treatment, although it will be an even more demanding task. At the same time, monitoring high risk factors and using a support system can avert re offending behavior (Hanson Harris, 2000). Most of the attempts in treating paedophiles involve the restoration of the cognitive process. The distortion of cognition is considered to be a coping mechanism, that the offenders tend to develop before or after they offend (Sheldon Howitt, 2007). The cognitive behavioural therapy is used to help paedophiles find a way to avoid sexual arousal from abnormal situations (Perkins et al, 1998). What is necessary for those who provide the treatment is to understand that each individual sex offender has different treatment needs and that a combined methods approach is more likely to be successful. The Sex Offender Treatment Programme (SOTP) is a well established programmed of treatment for sex offenders and is widely used around the world. It is being managed by the Prison Offending Behaviour Programmes Unit and has been developed by the British Prison Service. The most significant criteria, SOTP is based upon, are application of treatment methods that have proved to be effective, an empirically based model and treatment in accordance to the severity of each case (Perkins et al, 1998). Reintegration of Paedophiles Although still in a small scale, there have been schemes towards reintegrating released paedophiles. Starting by forming and application in Canada and the United States, schemes, such as the Stop It Now Program, started to be applied also in the United Kingdom and Ireland (McAlinden, 2006). The Stop It Now Program offers a professional assistance to those who have offended, those who are close to offending and those who suspect that there has been foul play in their environment. The most widely used program in reintegration of sex offenders is the Circles of Support and Accountability that has been running in England for a few years. In this program the offender is the core of a circle of volunteers. These volunteers help the offender in solving practical job and boarding related issues. At the same time they hold the offender accountable for his actions and behavior in general, while at the time they are obligated to report any suspicion of re offending to the authorities. Although the pilots are ready to be executed, they are not yet active. In some areas the difficulties lay in funding the project and in other cases it is extremely difficult to find volunteers (Armstrong et al, 2008). Due to the obstacles these schemes keep finding suggestions are made that the particular programs or other initiatives could work under the umbrella of inter agency risk assessment and management procedures (McAlinden, 2006). In addition to the pre existing policies, this kind of schemes can help the goal of making re integration more effective. Public disclosure High profile cases, such as the Sarah Payne abduction and murder by a known paedophile, resulted in the name and shame campaign from the media and especially the News of the World. The campaign started with the initiative of the newspaper (Moyes, 2000), promoting the naming of all convicted paedophiles, and received much attention from the public and the authorities as well. The publics wishes, accentuated by the media pressure, for disclosure for all sex offenders were met by the government to a pilot scheme where anyone could report someone else with access without supervision to their child. The scheme was implemented by Home Office in 2009 in four police areas in England and one area in Scotland and by 2010 it was set to run nationally. However, as other schemes, it didnt find the anticipated participation (Kemshall et al, 2010), pointing out in a divergence between what the government provided and what the public actually demanded for (Kemsall Weaver, 2012). The reasons for this were multiple. Primarily, the public perceives these kinds of schemes, run through the police, as an increase in policing the everyday life, when they should be assumed by other agencies. Moreover, they are thought as a way to push the responsibility onto the public instead of the proper authorities (McCartan, 2010). It has also been established (McCartan, 2010) that the public views sex offenders as a complex issue, with child sex offenders being the most dangerous, so there is the need of differentiation in disclosure schemes. Publicizing the schemes is an important tool for the successful implementation of them. They are to be explicitly explained to the public so as to be efficient (Kemshall Weaver, 2012). In addition to this, public needs evidence that the schemes are actually beneficiary and result in child protection (Kemshall et al, 2010).

Instilled Heritage Essay -- essays research papers fc

Instilled Heritage Alice Walker usually puts herself into characters that she writes about in her stories. However, you don’t understand this unless you know about her. Staring with this let us find out about who she is and where she came from. When recounting the life of Alice Walker, you find out that she was born to sharecroppers in Eatonton, Georgia in 1944 and was the baby of eight children. She lost one of her eyes when her brother shot her with a BB gun by accident. She was valedictorian of her class in high school and with that and receiving a scholarship; she went to Spelman, a college for black women, in Atlanta. She then transferred to Sarah Lawrence College in New York and during her time there went Africa as an exchange student. She received her Bachelor of Arts degree from Sarah Lawrence in 1965. She was active in the Civil Rights Movement of the 60’s and as of the 90’s she is still an involved activist. She started her own publishing company in 1984, Wild Tree Press. She is an acclaimed writer and has even received a Pulitzer Prize for the movie, The Color Purple. What is it about her that makes her works so meaningful and persuasive? What provoked her to write what she has? One of her works, a short story called Everyday Use, is a story that she herself can be pictured in. During the opening of this story you find a woman with her two daughters. She and one of her daughters, Maggie, have just cleaned and beautified the yard of their new house. It is very comforting sitting under the Elm tree that is present and blocks the wind from going through the house. It is a place that you feel enveloped in comfort and love. Maggie and Dee, the other daughter are very different, and it is very apparent that mother, is not your ‘everyday’ woman. She, the mother, is â€Å"a larger woman that can kill and clean a hog as mercilessly as a man’ (American Lit, p. 2470). She has no problems doing what needs to be done in order to feed and protect her family. However, the daughters are quite opposite; you have the one, Maggie that has been badly burned and is much scarred, and then Dee, the African Princess want to be. Maggie is very envious of her sis ter and is waiting for the day that she leaves, to further her education. Mother only made it to second grade and back then there wasn’t much to say or do about it, so she settled with what she had. Through the church ... ... lives were lived, that we survived on scraps and patches, the leftovers from the ancestors; we take what no one wanted and make it into something that is loveable and cherished. The heritage that you are looking for is probably looking you in the face. Look around you, discover what you know is there. Remember what brought you where you are and how you got there. Your family is your heritage, no matter the consequences or heartbreaks that happen along the way. There is a reason for everything and it is only then that you can really say that instead of just showing off what you have received or found, put it to Everyday Use. It is everyday that we learn something new. When learning these things, use what you already know to lead the way for your followers to find what they are looking for, heritage is never far from anyone, as a matter of fact, it is instilled in everyone. Works Cited 1. Helga Hoel. "Alice Walker's Everyday Use." Essay on Alice Walker. 17 January 2005. 08 March 2005 . 2. Klinkowitz, Pritchard, Wallace. The Norton Anthology of American Literature. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2003.

Ethical Considerations For Testing Essay

There have been many debates throughout the years regarding ethics and when, where and how they are to be used. Many people are unsure of how ethical beliefs should be combined with the proper ways of instructing and testing. Is it ethical to give someone a test if they are not prepared for that test? In the real world, if an individual is not prepared for a certain business meeting, they can simply reschedule. This is the controversy that comes to mind when ethics and testing are combined. Many people believe that there is no ethical considerations given for testing. It is thought by some that students are forced to take a specific test that they are, in fact not ready for, which would prove to be very unethical. However, each curriculum and test is based on things that each student should have already been made aware of during the duration of classes. Therefore, they are, in fact, ready to complete the test. Ethics is overall, a major branch of philosophy, which encompasses and deals with good living and the right conduct. Where there are many different forms of ethics such as business ethics, being thical basically means making the correct and proper decisions. The proper decision concerning testing procedures and the way they are distributed is quite simple. First, the student is taught the material that is to be on the test. Next, the student is to study this material so it is memorized to an extent in their head, given an appropriate amount of time, which usually entails about a week or so. Finally, once all of the criteria has been fully absorbed, and the teacher feels that the content hat is being taught has been sufficiently learned, a test will be given. This test is simply to ensure that the content that was discussed in classed has been effectively learned by the students. It is to my belief that it is not considered unethical for a test to be given simply because a student complains that they were not prepared enough. The teacher has already gone through the necessary preparations for the test, and the rest of the studying is left up to the student to ensure that they are prepared. It is, in fact, true that in the real world if a person working has been scheduled a specific or certain meeting, that they can simply reschedule that meaning if they do not feel they are appropriately prepared enough. Ethically, the proper decision for this person would be to reschedule their business appointment. However, it is not ethical for a student to attempt to reschedule a test unless they have substantial reason for doing so. Examples of such reasoning would be having missed a few days of school due to a sickness.